> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.lagomchain.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.lagomchain.com/concepts/signing.md).

# Signing

Signing is the process of creating a digital signature using a private key to verify a transaction on the LagomChain network. This cryptographic process ensures:

* Authenticity – Verifies that the transaction was authorized by the rightful owner.
* Integrity – Ensures that the transaction data has not been tampered with.

Signing can be performed using wallets (e.g., MetaMask, Ledger, Keplr) or through the [CLI](/lagomchain-cli.md).

***

### EIP-712: Standardized Signing for LagomChain

[EIP-712](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-712) is a signing standard designed to make typed-data transactions more human-readable and secure. It allows users to:

* Clearly see what they are signing.
* Reduce susceptibility to phishing attacks.
* Sign structured data rather than raw transaction bytes.

Although EIP-712 is not an Ethereum transaction type, it provides a standardized method for signing structured data, enhancing security and compatibility across Ethereum-based and Cosmos-based ecosystems.

***

### How EIP-712 Works in LagomChain

LagomChain utilizes EIP-712 to encode Cosmos transactions in a format that is compatible with Ethereum signers. This ensures that transactions can be securely signed using MetaMask, Ledger hardware wallets, and Keplr.

#### Signing Process

1. A Cosmos transaction is represented as a JSON sign-doc.
2. The JSON sign-doc is converted into an EIP-712 object, containing structured types and messages.
3. The EIP-712 object is signed using an Ethereum-compatible wallet (MetaMask, Ledger, or Keplr).
4. The node verifies the signature using the same EIP-712 standard.

***

### Why LagomChain Uses EIP-712 for Signing?

Ethereum Wallet Compatibility – Users can sign transactions with MetaMask, Ledger, and Keplr without additional modifications.\
Improved Security – Prevents blind signing attacks by displaying human-readable transaction details.\
Interoperability – Bridges the Ethereum and Cosmos ecosystems, enabling seamless cross-chain interactions.

By adopting EIP-712, LagomChain enhances user experience, security, and cross-chain compatibility, making it easier for users to interact with both Ethereum and Cosmos-based networks.


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